[A&P 2] 5.5 Major Systemic Arteries

And we're going to build out this map.

There's a lot of information on there.

There are a lot of systemic arteries.

This but we're going to build this out one step at a time.

It's not going to be the shortest lesson that I've ever done, but it's going to be one of the most helpful, I think, if you have to learn the systemic arteries.

Now, notice the diagram I have here is not a realistic anatomical diagram.

It generally matches the pattern of the body.

Right?

We have the aortic arch making an arch, but it's not exactly the right shape.

We have the elbow and the wrist marked on here, and the hand is like kind of disproportionately big compared to the upper arm and the forearm.

And so this is really kind of a schematic diagram.

Not a perfect anatomical diagram, that's on purpose.

There are good anatomical diagrams out there.

And in fact, in this video, as we go through this and we build this diagram out one step at a time, and we'll do that for the leg, of course, as well, we are going to be taking a look at a more realistic anatomical diagram.

This is from the open Stax textbook, and it's a pretty good diagram.

but I don't like using a diagram like this to teach these arteries because there's a tendency to want to just memorize their placement, and that's really helpful.

Eventually you're going to get to the point where you know where they are based on just their location anatomically.

But I think it's more helpful and better to learn these initially by looking at a schematic diagram where we're learning the branching patterns.

And then you'll get good at seeing any diagram, not just the one that you start with, any anatomical diagram.

And you can start to better piece together which artery is which and what are arteries that maybe weren't on some other diagram that you learned this on.

Because in all of these diagrams, and I've looked at a lot, I've got my whole here, I've got my whole stack of textbooks over here next to me.

As I've been building out this lesson, piecing together what are the arteries that everyone needs to know?

What are the arteries that are different in different diagrams?

And what I keep coming back to is that what you really need to learn is the branching pattern in a schematic diagram.

And once you know that really well, then you can apply that to any anatomical diagram that you run across and really understand the connections and the arteries better.

So that's what we're going to do in this video.

Let's get rid of this and, build this out one step at a time.

We're going to start with the left ventricle of the heart.

And coming out of the left ventricle of the heart, we have the aorta.

Now, the aorta has a few different parts to it.

We have the ascending aorta because blood is traveling up right here, so it's ascending.

We have the aortic arch.

So really, this whole part right here is the aortic arch.

And then we have the descending aorta, which is going to have the thoracic aorta.

If we add in the diaphragm right here, then we're going to have the abdominal aorta right there.

But that whole part right there makes up the descending aorta, and that's going to pass through the diaphragm.

There's actually a literal hole in the diaphragm that the aorta passes through.

So when that heart pumps, all the blood coming out of the left ventricle is going to pass through that aorta.

If you remember, we have a coronary artery system as well that's going to be branching out of kind of the base of that ascending aorta.

And so we have the left and right coronary arteries.

I just have one artery drawn right there, but it's really the left and right coronary arteries.

We've learned the coronary arteries in a previous lesson in here, so I'm not going to go into those too much, but those do branch off of the base of the ascending aorta.

And then the aortic arch here.

We're going to have three important branches here.

The first one is called the brachiocephalic trunk.

Now, brachio means arm, cephalic means head.

And this is the trunk of those.

So this is really a trunk that's going to have two branches, the brachial branch, which we're not going to call it the brachial artery, and then the cephalic branch.

So we're not going to call that the cephalic artery either.

But there is an, artery that goes to the arm and an artery that goes to the head.

That's the brachiocephalic trunk.

Now, the other two branches here are going to be called the left common carotid, the left subclavian.

So the carotid arteries are the ones that go up to the neck, up to the brain, to the face, to the side of the head, basically everywhere up here.

And then the subclavian is going to pass under the clavicle, which is why they call it the subclavian.

Now, these two branches here, the left common carotid and the left subclavian, those branch off the aortic arch.

But what about the right side?

Do we have a right common carotid and a right subclavian?

We do.

Those are going to be the two branches off of the brachiocephalic trunk.

They just happen to branch off of the aortic arch as one tube that then splits into those.

Whereas the left side, they're going to branch off the common carotid and the subclavian are going to branch directly off of the aortic arch.

So there's a little bit of asymmetry here.

Now, throughout all of this, there's a lot of symmetry, which is really helpful.

We can say that the left side is the same as the right side, so we don't have to learn those separately.

But in the kind of the abdominal region here, we do have some asymmetry where the left and right side are different.

So we're going to be pointing out that throughout the video.

So that brachiocephalic trunk, it will branch into the right common carotid as well as the right subclavian.

So that's the main branches there off of the brachiocephalic trunk.

I've got these three in kind of a bolder font to remind that those are the three branches off of the aortic arch left common carotid and left subclavian, as well as the brachiocephalic trunk, which then branches into the right common carotid and right subclavian.

Now, the common carotid, anytime you see common there, that means that there's kind of.

It's going to branch into two, usually an internal and an external.

We'll see that later on with the iliac arteries and the iliac veins in the vein video.

So the right common carotid, it's going to branch into the internal carotid and then the external carotid, both right and then the left common Carotid, it'll branch into left internal and external carotid.

The internal carotid, of course, will go more kind of into the internal brain structures.

and the external is going to remain a little bit more superficial, And we have one more branch that also goes up into the brain, and that's going to be the vertebral arteries.

So we have a right vertebral and a left vertebral.

Those are both branching off of the subclavian arteries.

The vertebral arteries are named that because they go up through some little openings in the vertebrae, but those are also going to go up into the brain, and they're going to form an anastomosis in the brain.

now this is an important idea when we're talking about arterial and venous pathways.

We talked about it in a previous lesson, but I want to go over it again here.

The idea of anastomosis is essentially creating redundancy in the pathways.

So there's multiple routes that you can take.

For example, when I'm driving somewhere on the highway or just around town and there's an accident somewhere, or maybe there's tree limbs down and a path gets blocked, there's almost always another path that I can take.

And that's really helpful, because if an artery gets blocked, then blood flow to that, any tissue that's downstream of that artery, that tissue is going to start to die because it's not getting oxygen that it needs.

But when we have these redundancies whenever we have anastomosis happening, then there's alternate pathways that the red blood cells can follow so that we can exchange fluid, we can exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide and all that stuff.

in the brain, that anastomosis is going to be part of the circle of Willis, where it kind of forms a circle sort of around the pituitary gland.

And I'm not going to draw that out in this video.

I do have a separate lesson.

If you Want to dive deeper into the cerebral circulation.

But for this video, we're going to kind of stop it at this level.

But the main idea is here is we have these three branches off of the aortic arch.

We have the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side, the left common carotid and left subclavian on the left side.

The brachiocephalic trunk.

It's going to split into the subclavian and the right common carotid.

The common carotid artery split into the internal and external.

And then off of the subclavian we have the vertebral arteries that branch off and also go up to the brain.

Now the subclavian that's going to run to the arteries of the arm.

Luckily, the arteries of the left arm and the right arm are the same.

And.

And so we're going to have.

I'm just going to label this arteries of the arm here on the right side.

And then on the left side we're going to build out the actual arteries of the arm.

But before we do that, let's see what we can find on our more realistic diagram here.

But we're going to identify these based off of the same logic that we follow, this branching pattern logic that we just mapped out here.

So let's start with the heart.

And here we have the aorta.

So we can mark the ascending aorta.

Of course, this is going to be the aortic arch right there.

And then we'll have the descending aorta.

And they marked it the descending aorta.

Here we marked it thoracic and abdominal.

Again, it's just different ways to label things.

And any diagram that you find is going to label things a little bit different.

So we're going to see some differences on this diagram compared to our branching pattern.

But the branching pattern is, I think, the best way to learn it.

And then we can use that to identify arteries on this diagram.

we have the pulmonary trunk.

That's going to split into the left and right pulmonary arteries.

Now, we didn't label this on here because we're looking at systemic arteries, but this diagram has this labeled, we have the pulmonary trunk and then I think we have the diaphragm labeled right there.

which matches our diagram Now I think next I have is the brachiocephalic trunk.

So we have the brachiocephalic trunk And then branching off of that brachiocephalic trunk here we're going to have the right subclavian.

And and then this other branch is going to be the right common carotid.

So again, brachiocephalic trunk branches into the right subclavian, right common carotid, And then on the left side we've got that next aortic branch which is going to be the left common carotid.

And then this branch will be the left subclavian.

We've got one more artery we haven't labeled here.

It looks like it's branching off of the subclavian.

What would that have to be?

Well, it would have to be the vertebral arteries.

So we're going to label that vertebral.

At this point we're not labeling it right or left because it's going to mirror the other side.

So this would be the right vertebral artery.

This over right here would be the left vertebral artery.

This diagram doesn't have the common carotid branching, but we know it branches into the internal and the external common carotid.

But again, you can see this diagram doesn't have everything that this is going to have.

And there's going to be some diagrams that have some things that this doesn't have.

But if you understand the branching pattern, then you can identify the arteries on any diagram a lot easier.

Alright, let's continue with our branching pattern diagram here.

So we have the subclavian, the left subclavian that's going to make a turn here, kind of in the armpit, shoulder area.

It's going to go under the clavicle and, and we're going to call this the axillary artery.

Axillary is going to be the armpit region.

And I just think about, you know, I used to teach high school and be around a lot of middle schoolers and so they would always use their Axe body spray or their Axe deodorant.

On their axillary region.

So that helps me remember.

Axillary.

So we have the axillary artery right here.

That's just going to be the subclavian.

Continuing on.

And it has another name right here.

It's not because of branches necessary.

Now.

There are other branches.

Remember that these are not all of the branches.

These are going to be the major branches.

And sometimes I've had to make hard decisions.

Do I include this branch or not?

It's labeled in some diagrams.

It's not.

But again, if there are more that you need to learn for a, class that you're in, you can just add them on to this branching structure.

But this is going to give you such a good base of knowledge that you can build off of that.

Adding more arteries onto this will be easy to do.

So the axillary right here, that's going to go into the brachial.

So brachial means arm.

So once we get kind of past this armpit area, now we're into the brachial artery.

That's the main artery of the arm.

We also have a deep brachial artery that's going to branch off of that.

So the brachial will be a little bit more superficial.

The deep brachial is going to go a little bit more posterior, a little bit deeper into the arm.

I try to represent that with some different color coding here.

So a little bit brighter here to go deeper here, we're going to have the elbow.

Let's mark the elbow.

Then at the elbow, the brachial is going to branch into the radial and the ulnar, which is convenient.

The radial and the ulnar.

Of course, we know the radius is on the thumb side.

The ulna is on the pinky side.

We have a radial and an ulnar artery.

And this is nice because it kind of matches the bones, right?

We've got the humerus here.

So the brachial goes with that, and then the ulnar and radial to go with the ulnar and radial bones.

Now we have one more artery coming off of this.

It's going to come off of the ulnar side.

Usually it's going to be the common intraosseous.

I just said usually there.

It's because some of these connections can vary person to person.

There's some that's like, you know, 99% of people have this branch happening, and there's others where it's like 60% of people have it branching from here and 40% of people have it branching from here, that sort of thing.

So we have the common interosseous artery that's going to usually branch off of the ulna.

It's going to run kind of between the radius and the ulna.

That's going to bring us down to the wrist.

And then this radial and ulnar artery, they're going to kind of wrap around and form something called the superficial palmar arch.

And the palmar arch is going to have a bunch of arteries branching off of it.

These are going to be the digital arteries.

Anytime we see digit or digital here, it's talking about the fingers.

So there's gonna be arteries that go to the fingers and the palmar arch is gonna run kind of like this around the palm.

Now the hand and the wrist, they get very complex when it comes to the arteries and the veins.

And so I'm simplifying a bit here.

There's gonna be other branches and different things come off of here.

But the main ones that most people need to know are the superficial palmar arch and the digital arteries coming off of that.

Now there is another palmar arch besides the superficial one.

Can you guess what the other palmar arch will be called?

Yeah, it's not the superficial, it's going to be the deep palmar arch that's going to kind of branch off right here.

So we've got this deep palmar arch and we're going to have these arteries coming off of here.

Those would be the metacarpal arteries.

So we've got that superficial palmar arch with the digitals.

We have a deep palmar arch with the metacarpals.

And depending on if you're in a class, you may or may not need to learn that there's multiple arches It just depends on what your professor has you learn.

But again, if we go back to the axillary, it becomes the brachial and we've got the deep brachial branching off of that.

The brachial will split into the radial and the ulnar.

And there's, an artery between those called the common interosseous artery.

Usually branches off the ulna.

That brings us down to the wrist.

At the wrist, the radius and the ulna, they're going to form the superficial palmar arch with the digital arteries.

And then we've got a deep palmar arch with the metacarpal arteries.

Alright, let's identify some of those on our diagram here.

So let's start with identifying the axillary.

So here we have the subclavian The axillary artery would be labeled right in there, but looks like it's on this side.

So we've got the axillary right there.

If we follow that down, this would be the brachial artery.

The main one going down the arm looks like it's labeled on this side right there.

So there's our brachial artery.

We know the brachial will split into the radial artery as well as the ulnar artery.

So I'm on the pinky side for the ulnar artery, thumb side for the radial.

Now notice something?

There's these other kind of arteries and branches.

These are forming more anastomoses.

Right.

It's these branches that reconnect later on.

And so the blood can take multiple pathways.

It could go here, which this would be, I believe, the deep brachial artery right there, and it'll come back here and form up with the.

Looks like in the radial artery, in this case, the way this diagram has it represented.

So we have these anastomoses, especially at joints like the elbow joint, the wrist joint, anywhere where there's a lot of bones coming together and lots of movement.

We tend to have more anastomoses there because as you're moving, you could be compressing a particular vessel, and so you need another route for it to go.

So we have a lot of anastomoses around our joints, And then those radial and ulnar arteries are going to form those palmar arches.

And so they just have them listed as palmar arches in this diagram.

It doesn't have the deep and the superficial, And it looks like this doesn't have the common interosseous labeled, but that would be this artery right in there which is branching off of the ulnar artery.

Alright, so that's everything that we needed in kind of the upper body here for this diagram.

Now let's go to the lower body or really just below the heart.

So we'll start with that.

So we have the diaphragm right here and then below that we're going to have something called the celiac trunk.

And this is going to be branching off of the front of the abdominal aorta.

In fact we can see it pretty well if we go over here.

So let me remove these organs real quick.

So here we have our abdominal aorta.

And then we've got this first main kind of branch off here that has little branches coming off of it.

That's going to be the celiac trunk.

It's going to be the top one that you're going to see usually in the abdominal aorta.

And it has all of these branches.

So let me add those branches onto our diagram.

First of all, we're going to have the common hepatic on the right.

Now hepatic means liver.

So this one's going to go to the liver and that's helpful because we've got the liver right here.

So the liver is on the right side.

So we just remember that the right branch of that celiac artery is going to go to the liver.

So that's the common hepatic.

The next branch on there is going to be the splenic.

So let me add in the pancreas and spleen and all that right here you can see that there are two arteries that are going to connect to there.

So there's the celiac trunk.

We've got one branch that's going to come off, it's going to go up here.

That's the common hepatic going to the liver over here.

This other branch is the splenic.

So it's going to run along the top of the pancreas over here to the spleen.

So we have the hepatic on the right, the splenic on the left.

And just remember that's where those organs are located.

Right liver on the right, spleen on the left.

And then there's a third branch.

Our third branch is going to be the left gastric.

So gastric means stomach.

there's not just one gastric artery, but there's one gastric artery that we need to know here, which is the left gastric.

And you can kind of see like, there's another little branch off of right there.

It's a little bit higher up than the other two, and it's a little bit smaller of an artery.

So that's the left gastric.

And it's going to kind of wrap up and around the stomach.

So the stomach Is going to go kind of like this right there.

And you can see there's this artery that's kind of wrapping around this top part of the stomach right there.

That's going to be that left gastric artery.

Now, next we're going to have a pair of branches that are also going to come off of the front.

And one is the superior mesenteric and the other is the inferior mesenteric.

Anytime you see mesentery, we think of the intestines.

Mesentery is really some connective tissue that's kind of holding all the intestines together.

And there's some asymmetry here.

The superior mesenteric is going to kind of go off to the right, and then down below that, the inferior mesenteric is going to kind of branch off to the left.

And then now there's a couple important ones to know between these.

But I found it much more helpful to think about the superior and inferior as a pair.

And then there's a couple that'll go in between those that Go to other organs.

Now, the mesenteric arteries, they're pretty interesting.

If I take my intestines here or Tori's intestines, these aren't mine, mine are still here.

So if I take these and I flip this around, we can see.

The superior mesenteric right there, and that's branching off to the right.

And we've got the inferior right there, that's branching off to the left.

But notice what they do.

If we follow that inferior mesenteric artery.

It's got a lot of branches that go to the colon to the rest of this.

All this white stuff is that mesentery I was talking about.

It's going to have a branch, it's going to come all the way up here.

It's going to wrap around, it's going to keep wrapping around, keep wrapping around and meet back up with the superior mesenteric artery.

So the inferior and the superior mesenteric arteries are actually going to be connected to each other.

They form anastomosis with each other.

Blood could take either pathway to get to the mesentery here.

So whenever I look at this on this kind of simplified diagram here, the way that I think about it is the superior mesenteric, It's going to go down to the right and it's going to wrap up and over and then going to meet back up with the inferior mesenteric.

So it kind of makes this big arch like this where they connect back together.

But the big idea that you need to know is the superior mesenteric is superior.

Down below, we have the inferior mesenteric.

They both go to the intestines and they wrap around and connect to each other.

Of course, it's not like blood's going to be just doing this big circle between these two.

It's getting into the capillaries.

That's where this ultimately gets pushed to, is these intestinal capillaries.

So think of those as a pair.

So again, we've got the celiac trunk with the common hepatic splenic, gastric.

Then we've got the two mesenteric arteries which are branching.

All of these so far are branching off the first, the anterior side of the abdominal aorta.

Then we've got two that are going to branch off to the side, so not off the front, but off the side of the abdominal aorta.

The first of those is going to be the renal.

So renal means kidneys.

So if I pull the pancreas off here, again, can see those renal arteries here.

You've got one that's branching off to the left kidney, one that's branching off to the right kidney.

They're kind of hard to see because they're behind or posterior to the renal veins, which are branched off of the inferior vena cava.

And on the model here, this would be the superior mesenteric artery.

The next branch off of the front is the inferior mesenteric artery.

So those are the two mesenterics.

Then we have the renal artery coming off of either side there.

And then the next one we're going to label is going to be the gonadal arteries.

And.

And they're going to kind of.

There's these small arteries that branch off of either side.

They're kind of coming off the front a little bit, but I think of them as branching and going off to the side on either side there.

And that's going to go down to the reproductive organs, to the gonads.

So add those to our diagram here.

So we've got the right and left gonadal arteries.

Remember, the mesenteric, they don't have left and right.

The celiac trunk doesn't have left and right.

But the renal, we have the right renal, left renal, right gonadal, left gonadal.

From there, that descending aorta is finally going to branch off and no longer become an aorta.

It's going to be the common iliac artery.

So we have a left common iliac, a right common iliac, and then branching off of that common iliac, we have an internal.

And then, of course, we have the internal.

This must be the external iliac artery.

And remember, anytime we see common, that usually means it's going to split into some other branches.

So the common iliac becomes the internal and the external.

Now, why is it called the iliac?

Well, the ilium of the pelvis.

That's what it's named after.

So we're down here in the Pelvis region near the ilium of the pelvis.

And so I'm going to label the pelvis there.

Below the pelvis, this becomes the femoral artery, named after the femur, so it's named after that bone.

And I'll just label arteries of the leg right here because the left and right side are going to mirror each other.

If I aim this down a little bit, We can see the common iliacs right here.

And then it's a little bit hard to see, but down in right there, it looks like that's going to be that internal iliac and then the external iliac.

Alright, let's label those on our diagram from OpenStax here.

So like I said, when we get into the abdominal aorta, first thing that you want to look for is that celiac trunk.

So it looks like that's right here.

I got the three branches.

The common hepatic splenic, left gastric.

So that's the celiac trunk right there in this diagram.

That's all they have labeled because there's just so much going on.

So we'll just leave it at that.

For that one, if I go down here, what do we have?

The mesenteric?

Do we have that?

Yeah, mesenteric.

So that's the superior mesenteric coming off of the front.

And then we have the inferior mesenteric right there.

And you can see they have this drawn in a little bit more detail.

They have some branches, they show it going to the colon right there.

Of course we know this circles up and around and meets back up with that superior mesenteric right there.

Then on either side of the superior mesenteric.

See those are kind of right in the same region there as we have the renal arteries.

So left and right renal.

Again, there's other arteries here that we can find.

Like there's a suprarenal artery somewhere up there that's not labeled.

There's always more branches that we could add.

We have the gonadal arteries right there.

They're kind of branching off and coming down on either side.

So those are the gonadals.

Then here we've got the common iliac on either side.

And then we should be able to find.

This would be the internal iliac and then this would be the external iliac.

Yeah, right there.

External iliac.

And then I don't think I labeled the femoral just yet.

We'll get to that.

It'll be this one right here.

We'll get to that in a minute.

All, right, let's go back to our flowchart here and let's finish this off.

The rest of the leg.

So we've got that femoral.

The femoral is going to branch into a deep femoral artery, which was similar to the brachial.

Right?

We had the brachial and then the deep brachial.

Femoral and deep femoral.

It's always helpful to find those kind of common patterns between different limbs and different parts of the body.

We're gonna have the knee right there, and then we're gonna have the popliteal.

So popliteal means like knee or kneecap.

So this femoral artery, we start calling it the popliteal when we get down to the knee.

And that popliteal artery is going to branch off into the anterior tibial as well as the posterior tibial.

Of course, the tibia is going to be the main bone.

In the lower leg we have the fibula as well, which is a little bit more minor, at least in size.

It's smaller.

It doesn't bear as much weight.

So we have the anterior tibial.

I have this in the lighter color to represent it's a little bit farther away.

Posterior tibial.

The posterior tibial.

It's going to have a branch called the fibular artery, also known as the peroneal artery.

So follow the branching structure there.

We have the femoral that branches into a deep femoral.

But the main artery here stays the femoral.

Then we call it the popliteal in the knee area, but it's really just a continuation of that.

And then that popliteal branches into anterior tibial on the anterior side and.

And then posterior tibial on the posterior side.

And then from the posterior tibial, then we branch into the fibular.

And the anterior tubule is going to come down and it's going to be called the dorsalis pedis.

Pedis means foot.

Dorsal is going to be like the top of the foot.

So I don't Have a foot.

I'm not going to take my shoe off and show you my foot right now.

But this would be kind of the dorsal surface on the top of the foot and then the plantar surface on the hand.

We don't say plantar.

We'd say dorsal.

We could say ventral or palmar.

But on the foot we would say dorsal and then plantar.

So the dorsalis pedis artery is kind of a continuation of the anterior tibule.

And that's going to wrap around and form something called the arcuate artery.

The arcuate artery is going to form an arch or an arc around the foot.

It's a little cute artery on the foot there.

Arcute artery.

And in a lot of diagrams that's going to show this kind of branching back up to the dorsalis pedis or connecting in other areas.

Again, in the hands and the feet, the branching patterns become pretty complex.

And so diagrams like this are usually pretty simplified.

But this is going to arc across the foot in the arcuate artery.

And then we're going to have these other little branches coming off of that.

There's going to be the dorsal metatarsal arteries.

And this is all very similar.

Different, but similar to what we had up in the hand, right?

We had these two palmar arches up here.

Here we've got this dorsal arch.

Formed by the arcuate artery and these dorsal metatarsal arteries.

And that's going to wrap back around and connect to that dorsalis pedis there.

All right, and so that's on the anterior side and then the dorsal surface.

What about the posterior side?

So that posterior tibial that's going to branch into the medial plantar as well as the lateral plantar.

Again, dorsal is top of the foot, plantar is the bottom of the foot.

So I have these kind of drawn like.

It looks like this would be like lateral and medial, but it's not these two branches, I've got them separated so we can kind of see them better.

But this is going to be the dorsal side and this is the plantar side.

So the bottom of the foot now, so that posterior tibial is.

It split into the medial plantar and the lateral plantar.

And then we're going to have a plantar arch that's going to come across the foot.

And we're going to have those little, you know, plantar metatarsal arteries.

We have dorsal metatarsal, plantar metatarsal, and then that's going to branch back up as well.

So it's really the medial plantar and the lateral plantar coming together and forming that plantar arch.

And then we have the plantar metatarsal arteries branching off of that.

Now, there are going to be some anastomoses here, some connections between this dorsal side and the plantar side.

It was really hard to find good, clear diagrams on this.

But one place where we do have that connection is usually between the.

The first and second metatarsal.

So the first and second toes, your big toe and then the next toe.

And that's going to connect between them.

This looks like it's going to be this really long artery, but really that's going to be pretty short because these are on top of each other like this on the top and then the bottom of your foot.

So it's really kind of a small branch right there.

But again, lots of anastomoses here in the foot.

Lots of different patterns that the blood can flip.

Now let's see if we can label some of these on the diagram.

And again, this is where once you get into the foot, diagrams are going to differ.

They're going to be less clear on what's what.

But, this is kind of the branching pattern that I would recommend remembering.

And then you may find just differences in diagrams in different textbooks.

In fact, even in my, like all of my textbooks, whenever I looked at these diagrams, there's differences in.

In the actual veins and arteries of the feet and the hands and that sort of thing.

So let's identify what we can here.

So we said we had the femoral artery right here.

Remember it was the external iliac.

It's going to become the femoral artery right in there.

We had that deep femoral branch.

So where would that be?

Looks like that's going to be this.

So it kind of branches off of there.

That's going to be the deep femoral.

There's other arteries that aren't labeled, like this artery right there.

Some arteries right in here.

In fact, one artery that's on this diagram that's not on our flowchart diagram here is the descending genicular artery.

Looks like it's a branch off of the femoral.

It's going to form anastomosis with other arteries here in the knee.

But the next major artery that we want to label is the continuation of the femora, which actually goes behind the knee right here behind the bones.

That's going to be the popliteal.

Looks like it's labeling the kneecap, but it's that popliteal artery, which is posterior to the kneecap to the patella.

And then the femur and the tibia, that popliteal is going to branch into the anterior tibial.

And then we'll have the posterior tibial, which would be labeled right there.

So anterior tibial, that's going to work its way to the front or anterior side, that posterior tibial, and then that's going to branch off into the fibular.

So the posterior tibial, I think, continues right here.

I think it's this one back there.

Then we've got the fibular artery, which branches off of that posterior tibial and heads kind of back toward the fibula, which is this bone right here.

Looks like they're going to have labeled the dorsalis pedis is what this would be.

It's continuation of the anterior tibial.

So dorsalis pedis again, that pedis means foot.

So we're on the dorsal side of the foot And actually this plantar arch will be formed by the medial and lateral plantar and which are not shown in here.

But those would be branches off of the posterior tibial.

So there's that posterior tibial and forming the plantar arteries there and there, forming that plantar arch.

And then we see the dorsal arch right in there.

So there we go.

A lot of arteries that we labeled there.

Here is the whole thing, everything that we covered, all on one diagram.

And, I'm going to attempt to go back through it all, but quicker this time and with less animations.

So here's kind of a recap of all of this.

Of course, hearing me explain it, hearing me recap it, is not enough.

The best thing that you can do is actually draw this out, map this out yourself on your own blank sheet of paper and.

And then practice mapping this out again on your own and then find other diagrams not just this diagram, but find other blank diagrams online or a, label diagram and cover up the labels and see if you can identify all of the arteries on there, even when it's not this exact same diagram.

Because you don't want to memorize things like, the descending genicular is the one that's right underneath the femoral on the blanks in the diagram.

Because then you don't actually know where that artery is.

You just know where its blank is compared to other blanks on this one diagram that you learned.

So it's really important to go to multiple diagrams when you practice.

So let's go back through all of this.

We have the left ventricle of the heart that's going to pump through the aorta.

We've got the ascending aortic arch and the descending aorta, which has the thoracic and then the abdominal below the diaphragm right there branching off the base of the ascending aorta.

We have the left and right coronary arteries going to the heart.

We've got the brachiocephalic trunk and then we're going to have the left common carotid and the left subclavian and that brachiocephalic trunk.

It's going to have a right common carotid and a right subclavian.

Of course, the common carotid, it's going to have two branches of that, the internal and external carotid.

We have that on the right side and the left side.

And then we need to label the vertebral arteries which branch off of the subclavian artery.

Of course it's going to mirror each other on the left and the right side past this point.

So we've got the arteries of the arm labeled there.

Then we've got the axillary, so it's kind of going under the clavicle and then in this armpit region and that's going to become the brachial artery.

We have a branch off of the brachial called the deep brachial.

That brachial then will continue down below the elbow where it's going to branch off into the radial and the ulnar arteries.

And then we have a branch off of the ulnar called the common interosseous that brings us down to the wrist.

the ulnar and radial arteries are going to wrap around and they're going to form the superficial palmar arch with the digital arteries.

And then we're going to have that other palmar arch, the deep palmar arch, which is going to have metacarpal arteries.

So that's our blood flow in the upper limbs.

If we go back to our abdominal aorta, we're going to have that celiac trunk.

That's the first landmark defined in the abdominal aorta at the the top.

That's going to split off into the common hepatic going to the liver on the right, the splenic, which is going off to the left.

Also I said the common hepatic goes to the liver.

That's based off the name.

It goes to like parts of the small intestine, the duodenum as well.

So definitely simplifying there.

So we have the celiac trunk, the common hepatic on the right, splenic on the left.

And then we've got the left gastric as well.

That's going up to the stomach.

Next thing to identify is below that we have the superior mesenteric and the inferior mesenteric.

And those are going to go to the intestines.

They're going to kind of wrap around and connect back to each other.

And then between those two, we can find the renal arteries.

Those are easy to find because they're going to go kind of straight off to the side and connect to the kidneys.

And then we have the gonadal arteries, which are going to kind of form off to the side like this.

Down at the bottom here, the abdominal aorta is going to split into the common iliac arteries, the right and left.

Then we're going to have the internal iliacs, we're going to have the external iliac, then the femoral, once it kind of goes past the bottom part of the pelvis.

Now let's do the rest of the leg here over on this side.

So I've got all that stuff that we just mentioned.

We got the femoral artery right there.

There's going to be a branch off of the femoral artery called the deep femoral.

We're going to be at the knee at this point.

So the femoral artery is going to go all the way down to the knee, where we call it the popliteal artery.

That's going to split into the anterior tibial and the posterior tibial.

The posterior tibial is going to have a branch off of it called the fibular or peroneal artery.

At this point we're down to the ankle and so we're going to have these two arches and one's going to come from that anterior tibial.

It's going to become the dorsalis pedis and the arcuate and that's going to wrap around, it's going to form those metatarsal arteries, the dorsal metatarsals.

And then we have that artery which completes the loop.

Now when I say loop, I don't mean that the blood flows down and then over and then back up.

I mean it can flow this way, it also flows this way and then flows in all these branches into the capillaries.

and then on the posterior side that's going to become the plantar part of the foot.

We have the medial plantar, the lateral plantar.

The blood can flow down either of those.

They're going to form a loop with each other forming the plantar arch.

We've got the plantar metatarsal arteries as part of that going to the toes.

Metatarsals are really part of the foot, but then branches off of these end up going to the toes.

So that's it, easy as that.

Now let's go ahead and put everything up on the screen here.

I'm going to give you a chance to practice just labeling and identifying these again.

I think the best thing to do is to get a blank sheet of paper and map them out yourself, which is going to be harder to do but it's going to be better for your long term memory.

But for now I'm just going to put blanks everywhere.

Let give you a second to pause the video, see if you can identify these different arteries and then when you're ready, here's all that information back so you can check and see how you did.

Again.

Those are the major systemic arteries of the body.

You may need to get more detailed in some regions of here and if so this will give you a really good framework that you can build off of as you're mapping out more arteries, whether that's in the brain or in the abdominal area.

But this is a really good starting place here.

Alright, hope that was helpful.

I'll see you in the next lesson.

We're going to learn the major systemic veins, which mirror the arteries in a lot of ways.

A lot of differences, too, but it's not as intimidating as learning this is in the first place.

All right, we'll see you in that lesson.

Go practice.